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Traditional Chinese medicine formulas: mechanisms and clinical evidence for improving endometrial receptivity

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Abstract

Endometrial receptivity is a decisive factor for successful embryo implantation and remains a major bottleneck limiting pregnancy outcomes in assisted reproductive technology (ART). Accumulating evidence suggests that traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulas may improve endometrial receptivity through multitarget and multipathway regulation. Experimental and clinical studies indicate that representative formulas enhance angiogenesis by activating vascular endothelial growth factor-related signalling pathways, modulate immune homeostasis by promoting a Th2-dominant microenvironment while preserving implantation-related inflammatory responses and improve endometrial morphology by increasing thickness, glandular development and vascular perfusion. Clinically, these effects are associated with improved implantation and pregnancy rates, particularly in patients with refractory conditions such as polycystic ovarian syndrome, thin endometrium, ageing-related infertility, controlled ovarian hyperstimulation-induced endometrial impairment and chronic endometritis. Nevertheless, current evidence is heterogeneous, with variations in study design, sample size and mechanistic depth across different formulas. This review systematically summarises the clinical evidence and molecular mechanisms underlying TCM formula-mediated improvement of endometrial receptivity, highlights existing limitations and discusses future research priorities to facilitate the integration of TCM-based interventions into modern reproductive medicine.

Introduction

As an important breakthrough in modern reproductive medicine, assisted reproductive technology (ART) has provided key technical support for fertility preservation.1 However, despite the remarkable progress in ART, the overall clinical pregnancy rate remains approximately 40%, with endometrial receptivity and embryo quality considered the most critical contributing factors.2–4 During embryo implantation, the establishment of a receptive endometrium is essential for the success of pregnancy.5

Endometrial receptivity refers to the ability of the endometrium to accept and support embryo attachment, invasion and subsequent placental development at a specific time.3 This process typically occurs 7–9 days after ovulation, a period known as the implantation window.6 During this time, the uterine lining must be synchronised with embryonic development to ensure successful implantation. However, impaired endometrial receptivity is a major cause of implantation failure in both natural conception and ART.7 Key conditions linked to reduced receptivity include polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), characterised by hyperandrogenism and chronic inflammation; thin endometrium (TE), marked by inadequate proliferation and poor perfusion; reproductive ageing, driven by oxidative stress and cellular senescence; controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH), causing hormonal fluctuations and structural asynchrony; and chronic endometritis (CE), due to immune dysregulation. The overlapping pathophysiological mechanisms—disrupted angiogenesis, immune imbalance and hormonal abnormalities—compromise the endometrial microenvironment, leading to implantation failure. This review focuses on these conditions and the therapeutic potential of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulas. Although several therapeutic strategies are currently available, such as hormone modulation, improved uterine perfusion and surgical interventions, their clinical efficacy remains limited.8

Herbal compounding has been widely used in the treatment of infertility and reproductive disorders since ancient times.9–11 Unlike traditional treatments that focus on oestrogen and progesterone supplementation, TCM formulas improve endometrial receptivity through a holistic and multitargeted approach. TCM formulas typically consist of a combination of herbs with synergistic actions that can regulate and repair endometrial function through multiple mechanisms.12 In recent years, specific TCM formulas have demonstrated promising effects in promoting endometrial proliferation, regulating immune tolerance, enhancing angiogenesis and reducing oxidative stress. However, despite their apparent potential, the active components and precise mechanisms of action of Chinese herbal compounds remain incompletely understood and require further scientific investigation.

Therefore, the aim of this review is to comprehensively explore the role of Chinese herbal compounds in improving endometrial receptivity and to summarise current clinical evidence, intervention characteristics and key mechanisms. A summary table (table 1) is provided to facilitate comparison of different formulas in terms of indications, major components, clinical outcomes and mechanistic pathways. These mechanistic differences arise from variations in herbal composition and therapeutic focus, resulting in preferential modulation of specific signalling pathways or cellular processes by different formulas.

Table 1

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Main components, clinical effects and mechanisms of representative TCM formulas for improving endometrial receptivity

In addition, we discuss strategies for optimising the integration of TCM formulas into modern reproductive medicine, aiming to advance clinical applications and provide novel therapeutic perspectives for improving implantation outcomes.13

Clinical evidence and mechanisms of Traditional Chinese Medicine formulas across different conditions

Polycystic ovarian syndrome

PCOS is a prevalent endocrine-metabolic disorder affecting 5–20% of women of reproductive age worldwide.14 It is characterised by a triad of core features: hyperandrogenism (clinical or biochemical), ovulatory dysfunction (oligo-ovulation or anovulation) and polycystic ovarian morphology.15 16 The decline in endometrial receptivity in PCOS arises from a complex interplay of endocrine, metabolic and inflammatory disturbances. Hyperandrogenism suppresses the expression of key implantation-related genes such as homeobox A10 (HOXA10) and leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF), thereby impairing decidualisation and embryo adhesion, while reducing αvβ3-integrin and tight junction proteins. Insulin resistance exacerbates hyperandrogenaemia and promotes advanced glycation end-products accumulation, triggering oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. Elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) disrupt immune tolerance and impair stromal cell function. Obesity, frequently comorbid with PCOS, exacerbates these alterations by inducing adipokine imbalances and transcriptional changes in the endometrium. Moreover, epigenetic modifications and aberrant NOTCH signalling have been implicated in further compromising endometrial receptivity in PCOS.16

Danzhi Xiaoyao Pill

Danzhi Xiaoyao Pill (DXP) exerts multifaceted effects in enhancing endometrial receptivity, particularly in patients with PCOS.17 Clinically, DXP has been shown to significantly improve pregnancy rates while maintaining a favourable safety profile.18 Mechanistically, DXP modulates endocrine function by reducing hyperandrogenaemia and elevating estradiol levels, thereby restoring a balanced steroidogenic environment. Additionally, it enhances uterine haemodynamics, as demonstrated by decreased spiral artery resistance. At the molecular level, bioactive compounds in DXP, such as paeoniflorin, are thought to target inflammatory and insulin signalling pathways, addressing key pathophysiological contributors to PCOS-associated endometrial dysfunction. These findings underscore the potential of TCM formula as adjunctive therapies for improving endometrial receptivity. However, further research is needed to validate the specific molecular mechanisms involved and to optimise their clinical application.19

Zishen Yutai Pill

Zishen Yutai Pill (ZYP) demonstrates notable therapeutic potential in improving endometrial receptivity and fertility outcomes in patients with PCOS.20 Clinical studies have shown that ZYP improves endometrial receptivity in women with PCOS-associated infertility. In a randomised controlled study involving 102 patients, ZYP was used as an adjunctive therapy with letrozole and was found to significantly increase endometrial thickness and promote a more favourable endometrial pattern compared with letrozole alone.

ZYP treatment was associated with elevated serum sex hormone-binding globulin and reduced serum amyloid P, suggesting attenuation of hyperandrogenaemia and inflammatory status. In addition, improvements in ovarian ultrasonographic parameters were observed. These combined endocrine, anti-inflammatory and structural effects translated into higher ovulation and clinical pregnancy rates without an increased risk of early pregnancy loss, supporting ZYP as a promising and safe adjunctive therapy for PCOS-related endometrial dysfunction.21

Recent studies demonstrate that ZYP effectively improves endometrial receptivity through multitarget mechanisms. In animal models of thin endometrium, ZYP treatment upregulates key receptivity markers (Integrin Beta 3 and HOXA10) while downregulating negative regulators, such as Empty Spiracles Homeobox 2, microRNA-135a and microRNA-196b. This dual regulation helps restore normal endometrial function by (1) enhancing embryo implantation mediators, (2) normalising decidualisation processes and (3) suppressing fibrosis-related factors. The balanced expression of these biomarkers indicates ZYP’s ability to optimise the endometrial microenvironment for successful implantation. These findings suggest ZYP’s potential as a therapeutic option for infertility cases involving impaired endometrial receptivity.20

Yishen Tiaojing Pill

Yishen Tiaojing Pill (YTP) has demonstrated efficacy in improving endometrial receptivity in PCOS by modulating inflammatory responses, endocrine function and signalling pathways.22 YTP promotes the formation of endometrial pinopodes, reduces proinflammatory cytokine levels and restores hormonal balance by decreasing insulin levels while increasing estradiol and progesterone concentrations. Mechanistically, YTP upregulates key markers of endometrial receptivity, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), LIF and integrin αvβ3, while downregulating FoxO3a expression, suggesting involvement of the PI3K/Akt/FoxO3a signalling pathway. These multifaceted actions highlight YTP’s capacity to enhance embryo implantation by creating a more receptive endometrial microenvironment. The integration of endocrine regulation, anti-inflammatory effects and molecular modulation provides a mechanistic basis for its clinical application in addressing PCOS-related infertility.23

Yishen Jianpi Formula

A randomised controlled trial including 90 patients with PCOS showed that Yishen Jianpi Formula (YSJPF), when combined with Diane-35, significantly improves endocrine profiles and endometrial receptivity. Compared with Diane-35 alone, adjunctive YSJPF more effectively reduced serum follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinising hormone and testosterone levels. In addition, YSJPF increased endometrial thickness and decreased uterine pulsatility and resistance indices (Pulsatility Index (PI) and Resistance Index (RI)), indicating improved uterine perfusion. The combined therapy achieved higher clinical efficacy without increasing adverse events, suggesting that YSJPF enhances endometrial receptivity through coordinated endocrine regulation and vascular improvement.24

Thin endometrium

Thin endometrium is typically defined as an endometrial thickness of less than 7 mm at specific time points, such as the day of ovulation, the day of human chorionic gonadotropin administration in fresh embryo transfer cycles or the day of progesterone initiation in a frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycle.25 Endometrial thickness is one of the most extensively studied parameters for evaluating endometrial receptivity.13 26 TE is a common challenge in ART cycles, occurring in approximately 2.4% of patients.27 This condition not only interferes with embryo attachment and invasion but also significantly impairs endometrial receptivity, ultimately leading to failure of embryo implantation.28 In particular, the incidence of TE increases with advancing age, with a reported prevalence of up to 25% in women over 40 years old.29

Yushen Yangmo Formula

Yushen Yangmo Formula (YSYMF) is a traditional Chinese medicine prescription used for infertility associated with thin endometrium. In a randomised clinical study of 112 patients, YSYMF was administered as an adjunctive therapy with conventional hormone treatment and significantly increased endometrial thickness and improved uterine artery blood flow compared with hormone therapy alone. These effects suggest that YSYMF may enhance endometrial receptivity by improving endometrial perfusion and angiogenic potential.30

Bushen Tiaochong Prescription

Bushen Tiaochong Prescription (BSTCP) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula developed for the treatment of infertility associated with thin endometrium. In clinical studies involving patients with thin endometrium-related infertility, BSTCP was administered as an adjunctive therapy in combination with conventional hormonal treatment. In a randomised clinical study of 40 patients undergoing ovulation induction cycles, BSTCP significantly improved clinical symptoms, increased endometrial thickness, enhanced uterine microcirculation and resulted in a higher pregnancy rate compared with estradiol valerate alone.31 In a separate randomised controlled study involving 50 patients, the addition of BSTCP to estradiol valerate therapy led to greater increases in endometrial thickness, a higher proportion of type A (triple-line) endometrial morphology and significant reductions in subendometrial blood flow indices, including PI and RI, compared with hormone therapy alone.32

Collectively, these findings suggest that BSTCP may improve endometrial receptivity by optimising endometrial structure and uterine blood flow, thereby supporting its role as an adjunctive intervention for infertility associated with thin endometrium.

Ageing

It is well established that endometrial receptivity declines with age, as the uterus undergoes age-related changes.33 34 With advancing age, increased resistance to uterine arterial blood flow impairs vascular remodelling and uterine perfusion, negatively impacting embryo implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy. Additionally, alterations in local oestrogenic activity within the endometrium, along with reduced expression of the endometrial receptivity marker HOXA10, contribute to diminished receptivity and uterine contractility, ultimately leading to infertility.35

Wenshen Yangxue decoction

Wenshen Yangxue decoction (WSYXD), a classic traditional Chinese medicine formula developed for treating infertility, combines kidney-yang tonics (eg, Epimedii Folium) with high-dose blood circulation stimulants (eg, Paeoniae Radix Rubra).31

In a study by Xin et al, network pharmacology analysis identified 74 putative targets associated with the chemical constituents of WSYXD, drug–disease interactions and endometrial receptivity-related pathways. These targets were mainly enriched in biological processes including positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthesis, cell proliferation, response to estradiol, ageing, oxidative stress response and angiogenesis. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis further implicated several key signalling pathways, such as Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 (HIF-1), tumour necrosis factor (TNF), Forkhead box protein O, Toll-like receptor and PI3K/Akt pathways.36

Subsequent experimental validation in aged female rat models demonstrated that WSYXD alleviated oxidative stress and activated the PI3K/Akt/FoxO3a signalling axis by modulating key targets, including AKT Serine/Threonine Kinase 1, epidermal growth factor receptor, angiopoietin 1 and angiopoietin 2, thereby significantly enhancing endometrial receptivity. In vivo, WSYXD markedly improved fertility outcomes by promoting endometrial angiogenesis, increasing microvessel density and restoring receptive endometrial morphology. These effects were accompanied by upregulation of VEGF expression and coordinated activation of PI3K/Akt and HIF-1α signalling pathways, resulting in improved vascularisation and a more favourable endometrial microenvironment.37

Erbu Zhuyu decoction

In a clinical observational study of elderly in vitro fertilisation-embryo transfer patients with low endometrial receptivity, Erbu Zhuyu decoction (EBZY) achieved a total effective rate of 80.56% after one to three treatment courses. Treatment significantly increased endometrial thickness and Salle scores, reduced uterine artery pulsatility and resistance indices, and enhanced endometrial microvascular perfusion, as reflected by increased vascularisation index (VI), flow index (FI) and vascularisation flow index (VFI). Clinically, the subsequent embryo implantation and pregnancy rates reached 38.71% and 36.84%, respectively. These findings suggest that EBZY improves endometrial receptivity and pregnancy outcomes primarily by enhancing endometrial thickness and uterine–endometrial blood flow.38

In the 2024 study of the effect of EBZY on endometrial receptivity and endometrial mesenchymal stem cell senescence in aged mice, 8–9-month-old pregnant mice were used as experimental subjects. The model group exhibited pale uterine coloration, fewer implantation sites, reduced pregnancy rates and decreased average embryo implantation numbers. In contrast, the EBZY-treated group showed a reddish uterus, visibly enlarged implantation sites and an increased average number of implantation sites, although the change in the pregnancy rate was not statistically significant. Moreover, EBZY upregulated the expression of HOXA10, LIF and integrin β3 in the endometrium of aged mice while downregulating senescence markers in endometrial mesenchymal stem cells, including tumour protein P53, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A and Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A. These findings demonstrate EBZY’s potential to improve endometrial receptivity by delaying cellular senescence and enhancing the expression of key receptivity markers.39

Wenyang Huazhuo Formula

Wenyang Huazhuo Formula (WYHZ) has been evaluated in ageing animal models and demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory effects. In aged mice treated with WYHZ, serum levels of inflammatory cytokines—TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1α and NF-κB—were significantly reduced compared with controls. Additionally, the expression of endometrial receptivity markers, including HOXA10 and LIF, was markedly increased following treatment. These findings suggest that WYHZ improves endometrial receptivity in aged mice by lowering systemic and uterine inflammatory responses and enhancing the expression of key receptivity-related proteins.40

Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation

Excessive levels of oestrogen and progesterone during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation can lead to the development of multiple follicles and abnormal hormonal fluctuations, resulting in changes in endometrial morphology and molecular biology.41 Elevated oestrogen levels may impair endometrial function, while excessive progesterone can disrupt the endometrial ultrastructure and increase cytotoxicity, leading to asynchrony between embryo development and endometrial maturation. Consequently, endometrial receptivity is compromised, ultimately reducing the rate of embryo implantation.42–44

Shoutai Pill

In a study conducted by Zhu et al, a COH rat model was established to investigate the effects of Shoutai Pill (STP) on endometrial receptivity. Compared with the model group, STP administration significantly increased the proportion of OX-62-positive uterine dendritic cells in a dose-dependent manner. In parallel, the protein expression levels of CD34 and VEGF, which are associated with angiogenesis and endometrial vascular remodelling, were markedly upregulated. These findings indicate that STP improves endometrial receptivity in COH rats by enhancing uterine dendritic cell expression and promoting angiogenesis, thereby optimising the endometrial immune microenvironment.45

Experimental evidence in 2025 indicates that STP has a dual regulatory ability: first, it downregulates the overexpressed microRNA miR-320a in COH-induced endometrial injury, and subsequently activates HIF-1α and its downstream targets (VEGFa, MMP2/9). This molecular cascade enhances the microvessel density of the endometrium, promotes glandular development and facilitates interstitial shedding, ultimately increasing the embryo implantation rate by 80% compared with the COH control group.46

Chronic endometritis

Chronic endometritis is characterised by chronic subclinical inflammation, which manifests itself as a disruption of the balance between the microbiota and the host immune system by elevated levels of immune-inflammatory cell infiltration and increased exudation of inflammatory factors, which further alters the endometrial microenvironment and affects the metabolic function of the endometrium. Emerging evidence suggests that CE is associated with a variety of reproductive challenges, including idiopathic infertility, recurrent implantation failures and various obstetric complications.47 A prevalence rate of 2.8–56.8% has been documented in infertile women with CE.48

Shoutai Pill

Given the prominent role of immune dysregulation and chronic inflammation in the pathogenesis of chronic endometritis, therapeutic strategies that simultaneously modulate angiogenesis and immune tolerance may be particularly beneficial. In this context, STP has shown potential in improving endometrial receptivity in patients with CE. STP enhances endometrial thickness and vascularisation by upregulating angiogenic factors such as VEGF and promoting uterine blood flow. It also promotes immune tolerance by shifting the cytokine profile towards a Th2-dominant, anti-inflammatory state—elevating levels of cytokines such as interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-beta—thereby reducing excessive inflammation while maintaining necessary immune responses for implantation.49 In a prospective study by Sun et al, the STP group exhibited significantly higher ovulation and pregnancy rates, as well as improved follicular development, compared with the control group. After treatment, the STP group also showed greater endometrial thickness and lower uterine artery PI and RI, indicating a significant enhancement in endometrial receptivity.50

Discussion

With the increasing application of TCM in reproductive medicine, the role of TCM formulas in improving endometrial receptivity has attracted much attention. Through their multitarget and multipathway mechanisms of action, TCM formulas can effectively regulate the reproductive endocrine level and improve the endometrial microenvironment. Studies have shown that Chinese herbal remedies can improve endometrial receptivity by promoting endometrial proliferation and differentiation. In addition, TCM formulas possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which can attenuate oxidative damage and inflammatory response in the endometrium, thereby preserving endometrial function.51 The underlying mechanisms by which TCM formulas enhance endometrial receptivity can be integrated into a cohesive, multilevel network encompassing three interdependent domains: (1) endocrine modulation, which establishes hormonal permissiveness; (2) microenvironmental remodelling, which supports angiogenesis, immune tolerance and epithelial–stromal interaction;52 and (3) cellular and molecular reprogramming, which fine-tunes gene expression and stress responses. These domains do not act independently but are functionally interconnected and mutually reinforcing.53 Taken together, these findings suggest that TCM formulas enhance endometrial receptivity by orchestrating a coordinated molecular network rather than targeting single pathways, which may explain their therapeutic advantages in complex and heterogeneous clinical conditions. Based on the available evidence summarised in this review, different TCM formulas exhibit distinct advantages and limitations in improving endometrial receptivity. Formulas such as ZYP and STP demonstrate relatively stronger clinical applicability, as they are supported by both clinical outcome data and experimental studies across multiple conditions, including PCOS and chronic endometritis. Their advantages include consistent improvements in endometrial thickness, uterine perfusion and pregnancy-related outcomes. In contrast, formulas primarily applied to thin endometrium and reproductive ageing, such as WSYXD and WYHZ, show pronounced mechanistic strengths—particularly in promoting angiogenesis, reducing oxidative stress and delaying cellular senescence—but are currently supported mainly by animal studies. The major limitation of these formulas lies in the lack of large-scale clinical validation. In addition, several formulas are predominantly used as adjunctive therapies rather than standalone interventions, which may complicate attribution of clinical efficacy. Overall, these differences suggest that the advantages and limitations of individual formulas should be interpreted in a condition-specific manner, taking into account both the strength of clinical evidence and the underlying mechanistic focus.

However, despite the promising potential of TCM formulas in improving endometrial receptivity, several limitations remain in current research. First, most studies have focused on the overall therapeutic effects of TCM formulas while lacking in-depth investigation of their specific molecular mechanisms. In particular, the regulatory mechanisms directly related to endometrial receptivity require further elucidation. Second, many existing studies are limited by small sample sizes and the absence of large-scale, multicentre randomised controlled trials to robustly evaluate the efficacy and safety of Chinese herbal interventions. Moreover, the lack of standardisation in TCM formula composition and dosing complicates reproducibility and regulatory approval. Identification and validation of active constituents may enhance clinical translation.

Furthermore, although certain pharmacological agents and TCM formulas (eg, Qi Gong Pill, Bushen Jianpi Tiaoxue Decoction) have demonstrated efficacy in restoring endometrial thickness or vascularisation, their direct impact on endometrial receptivity remains underexplored (figure 1).54 55 Future research should address this gap by integrating molecular receptivity biomarkers (eg, transcriptomic or proteomic profiling) into clinical trials of these interventions. With the rapid advancement of high-throughput sequencing technologies, single-cell transcriptomics has emerged as a powerful tool for deciphering the cellular heterogeneity and molecular dynamics of the endometrium across the menstrual cycle and under pathological conditions. Future studies could leverage single-cell RNA sequencing to dissect how TCM formulas modulate specific endometrial cell populations—such as epithelial cells, stromal fibroblasts and immune cells—at the molecular level. This approach would enable the identification of cell-type-specific signalling pathways influenced by TCM intervention, such as Wnt/β-catenin signalling in epithelial regeneration, PI3K-Akt signalling in stromal remodelling or IL-10/STAT3-mediated anti-inflammatory responses in macrophages. Such cellular resolution may help clarify the temporal and spatial effects of TCM on endometrial receptivity and guide the rational design of more targeted therapeutic formulas.

Figure 1

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Mechanisms of TCM formulas in the treatment of endometrial diseases. BSTCP, Bushen Tiaochong Prescription; COH, controlled ovarian hyperstimulation; DXP, Danzhi Xiaoyao Pill; EBZY, Erbu Zhuyu Decoction; HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha; HOXA10, homeobox A10; IL-10, interleukin-10; LIF, leukaemia inhibitory factor; miR-320a, microRNA-320a; p16, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A; p21, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A; PCOS, polycystic ovarian syndrome; STP, Shoutai Pill; TCM, traditional Chinese medicine; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-beta; TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor-alpha; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; WSYXD, Wenshen Yangxue Decoction; WYHZ, Wenyang Huazhuo Formula; YSJPF, Yishen Jianpi Formula; YSYMF, Yushen Yangmo Formula; YTP, Yishen Tiaojing Pill; ZYP, Zishen Yutai Pill.

In summary, the TCM formulas may significantly improve endometrial receptivity through multiple mechanisms, including endocrine regulation, antioxidative stress reduction and improvement of the endometrial structure and vascular supply, offering novel therapeutic strategies for patients with impaired endometrial function. Beyond single-cell transcriptomics, emerging approaches such as immunomics and endometrial organoid models may provide complementary insights into immune regulation and functional validation of endometrial receptivity under TCM intervention. From a translational perspective, future studies could prioritise one or two representative TCM formulas as candidate interventions, followed by systematic evaluation through virtual clinical trials, randomised controlled trials and real-world studies to assess safety and efficacy. In parallel, the integration of artificial intelligence, virtual experimentation and organoid-based platforms may facilitate hypothesis-driven discovery of novel therapeutic targets derived from TCM formulas.

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Traditional Chinese medicine formulas: mechanisms and clinical evidence for improving endometrial receptivity

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Abstract

Introduction

Table 1

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Main components, clinical effects and mechanisms of representative TCM formulas for improving endometrial receptivity